what the Semantics is

"mean what you say ,say what you mean"

Arabic, Chinese,English,Turkish, are different languages but all of these languages and all languages around the world _ even sign language _ are rely on related  sign with a particular meaning .

 Semantics_ from Greek sēmantiká_ is Science that studies this relation between signifiers.

Semantics is the study of meaning as conveyed through signs and language. facial expressions,
 body language,  tone,  words, phrases, sentences, and punctuation are examples of what Semantics studies.

Sense and Reference in semantics

    " Sinn und Bedeutung "..that what  The German philosopher Gottlob Frege proposed, According to Frege, sense and reference are two different aspects of the meaning :

The meaning of an expression be called sense (Sinn),

and if the expression refers to something, it has reference ( Bedeutung).

The sense of an expression is the thought it expresses

reference is the easy one, the words "my cat " for example  represent something outside the language something in the real world. but words like "and", "with", "before" and "where" cannot be referring  expressions.



Speacker Meaning :Say something Mean something else

when my mama says :"great"  with sharp tone and raised eyebrow , I know she means: "terrible "

  by using dictionary ,  we not only can find out the meaning of  the word " excellent" which is " remarkably good" , but also its forms, its usage ,how to pronounce it. synonyms and origin.

 but the same word "excellent" comes from angry employee whom his boss order him to work overtime in holidays  surely does not means anything good. and dictionary can't help use in this case. it is here probably used to express " disappointment" or " complaint" . these meanings are bound to particular situation and particular speaker .this call in linguistic SPEAKER MEANING !!

Speaker meaning is what the speaker means when s/he use piece of language .it is the intended meaning of a speaker. Speaker meaning is analyzed in terms of  sentence meaning, beliefs, and rationality .but in some times the meaning may not be directly depending of the sentence meaning , in this case it depends on your knowledge of the speaker.

Mahmoud Darwish: I am from there

I am from there and I have memories. Like any other
Man I was born. I have a mother,
A house with several windows, friends and brothers.
I have a prison cell's cold window, a wave
Snatched by the seagulls, my own view, a blade
Of extra grass, a moon beyond all words,
A deathless olive tree and bounteous birds.
I walked and crossed the land before the cross
Of swords served banquets where its body was.

I come from there, and I return the sky
To its mother when it cries for her, and cry
For a cloud on its return
To recognize me. I have learned
Every word worthy of blood's court to break
The grammar, have learned all the words to take
The lexicon apart for one word's sake,
The one word I must make:Homeland.

translated by : A.Z. Foreman

IdiOmS

" Only when you know a country's idioms can you really know its culture "

   The definition of an idiom is a phrase whose meaning isn't clear from the words in it. -or as  in Wikipedia- the idiom is an expression, word, or phrase that has a figurative meaning that is comprehended in regard to a common use of that expression that is separate from the literal meaning or definition of the words of which it is made,

idioms are not only fond in English ,matter of fact , they are found in all cultures and languages all around the world ..few of them here:

Add water to the mud :add fuel to the fire (Arabic)

I hope to eat your eye : you’re cute (Albanian)

An ant milker:  a miser, tight wad (Arabic )

On the day of St. Never… if it doesn't rain :unlikeliness of something being done (portuguese)

To seize the moon by the teeth: attempt the impossible (French).

To get one's eyes stolen: to be dazzled (Japanese)

Belch smoke from the seven orifices of the head: to be furious (Chinese).
To live like a maggot in bacon: live in luxury (German)

To become naked:  to go broke, poor (Japanese)

Cleaner than a frog's armpit: to be poor, broke (Spanish).

Much more than colors

''He told me that I have a blue smile, so when I got home I tried brushing my teeth well  to get rid the color !!''

Over the years and all around the world the colors have to mean many things in different cultures. for example : green here in KSA is a symbol of wealth, good and tender. in Russia, red means beautiful. the yellow represents courage in Japan , while the same color means Envy in Germany .the white is the color of mourning and death in Chinese,Vietnamese ,Korean, Indian traditions. Gold is associated a round the world with Money, Success, High Quality.

In English Language _ as well_ the colors have several meaning beside thier simples meaning.let's take a look at some of it :

White

white is the color of cleanliness and purity but this meaning has nothing to do when someone is described as '' White as a sheet " this term actually use to decribe a person in state of great fear.also you can use  " white as a gost '' if you meant that the person is very pale because of fear , shock, illness etc. ''little white lie'' means  a small, usually harmless lie and ''a white knight'' is a someone who gives money to a company in order to prevent it from being bought by another company .

blue

blue in English Language often represents human emotion of sadness. when It came like '' a bolt from the blue''  that means some unexpected bad news. "blue in the face'' to make a huge but vain  effort to win person's agreement.

green

if you are green  then you are inexperienced, immature . "green with envy"  means  full of envy, very jealous.

brown

"to be browned off " means to be bored, annoyed at something.

Red

red usually describes the flushing, anger, embarrassment . if someone "see the red light'' means s/he recognizes approaching danger, the red light being a danger signal. you can describe someone "a redneck" if s/he is an ignorant, insensitive person. "to see red " means  to react with uncontrollable rage against someone or something .

  

yellow

yellow associated with cowardice in English Language .for example : ''yellow-bellied'' which means extremely timid, cowardly. or "a yellow streak" which means cowardice in character.

Of cours there are so many colors and meanings. it is not only great part of the Language it's also great part of culture .

so don't be afraid to be green, blue, red, brown even yellow sometimes but dont be colorless 'lack personality' !!

Out of Sight, Out of Mind

There are some things which we think about only as long as we can see them in front of us; when we can no longer see them we forget about them. these things that we need to see (sight) in order to remember (mind) we can describe it  "out of sight, out of mind."  the earliest recorded for use this phares in English was about 1450.

The idea of this idiom that something is easily forgotten or dismissed as unimportant if it is not in our direct view. the first part '' out of sight '' alone gives many diffrent meanings;

"out of someone's sight": Out of the range of vision

"get out of someone's sight" meaning “go away”

''Out of sight'' is also slang for Wonderful!

while the last part had been used for 'forgotten'  and 'in mind' for 'remembered'

the idiom "out of sight out of mind'' has not only used in English ,matter of fact the meaning of this phares is found in many culture :

in spanish : what the eyes don't see, the heart doesn't feel

in serbian : far from eyes – far from heart

in polish : what's not seen by the eyes, is not missed by the heart

in irish: What the ear does not hear does not worry the heart

in german :What I don't know does not make me hot

in czech : what the eyes don't see, doesn't hurt the heart

in chinese : what the eyes don't see doesn't worry the heart

and finally in arabic:  بعيد عن العين، بعيد عن القلب 

To Others Than You..

this is one of my favorite poem by dylan thomas

Friend by enemy I call you out.
You with a bad coin in your socket,
You my friend there with a winning air
Who palmed the lie on me when you looked
Brassily at my shyest secret,
Enticed with twinkling bits of the eye
Till the sweet tooth of my love bit dry,
Rasped at last, and I stumbled and sucked,
Whom now I conjure to stand as thief
In the memory worked by mirrors,
With unforgettably smiling act,
Quickness of hand in the velvet glove
And my whole heart under your hammer,
I never thought to utter or think
While you displaced a truth in the air,

That though I loved them for their faults
As much as for their good,
My friends were enemies on stilts
With their heads in a cunning cloud